Assessment Tools & Research

Neurocognitive Assessment

The Conners Continuous Performance Test 3rd Edition (Conners CPT 3) is a computerized assessment of attention-related problems that can be used as part of a comprehensive assessment for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and other neurological conditions.

What we selected

The Conners Continuous Performance Test 3rd Edition (Conners CPT 3)

The Conners CPT 3 is the most widely used CPT in the world and has the largest normative database of any CPT available. It is a computerized assessment of attention-related problems that can be used as part of a comprehensive assessment for ADHD and other neurological conditions.

Normative Data

Stratified by age and gender
Computer-based: 6 years up to 55+ years
Mobile: 8 years up to 82 years

Age Range & Demographics

Gender:

Male, female, nonbinary

Practice and Ceiling Effects are not observed with the Conners CPT 3. The built-in practice trial minimizes practice effects.

Neurobehavioral Assessment (BESS)

The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) is a clinical balance assessment that evaluates postural stability under different sensory conditions. It’s widely used in concussion management and balance disorder evaluation.

What we selected

The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS)

The BESS is a well-established clinical tool for assessing postural control and has been validated across multiple populations. It provides reliable measurements of balance performance under different sensory conditions.

Normative Data

Stratified by age and gender (e.g., Iverson & Koehle, 2013)

Age Range & Demographics

Age range: 5 to 23 stratified by age and gender
Age 24+ stratified by age (e.g., Iverson & Koehle, 2013)

Gender:

Male, female

No documented practice or ceiling effects.

The BioKinetoGraph

Advanced gait analysis using accelerometer technology that provides superior sensitivity to dysfunction relative to manually collected gait data. The system produces reliable outputs across a range of clinical populations.

What we selected

The BioKinetoGraph

The broad research literature clearly indicates that gait assessed using accelerometers has superior sensitivity to dysfunction relative to manually collected gait data. Moreover, accelerometers can produce reliable outputs across a range of clinical populations.

Normative Data

Comprehensive normative database across multiple age groups
Validated across diverse clinical populations

Research Impact

Our evidence-based approach ensures that every assessment tool meets the highest standards for clinical validity, reliability, and ease of administration.

Peer-Reviewed Research Studies

A sensor-based gait measure for identifying invalid performance in simulated mTBI: An experimental proof of concept.

Publication:

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

Screener:

BKG Gait

Published:

Oct 27, 2025

Abstract:

Psychologists are increasingly called upon to make complex decisions affected by an individuals’ effort, relying at least in part on performance validity testing. Because most measures of performance validity are cognitively-based, there is utility in exploring alternative assessment modalities. Recently, an accelerometer-based gait assessment has been validated for use with sports concussion outcomes. The current, preregistered study serves as an experimental proof of concept utilizing the same measure of gait to differentiate individuals instructed to simulate a mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) from those with a sports-related mTBI (concussion).

Key Findings:

mTBI is one of the most commonly malingered medical conditions
Current measures of malingering are almost exclusively cognitive in nature.
Using a simulator sample of 75 naive and coached malingerers were shown to have a different gait pattern relative to 102 healthy controls and 75 of those with mTBI
BKG variables in all four conceptual domains of power, balance, stride and symmetry were able to provide discriminatory power.
BKG also correlated modestly with another measure of effort (TOMM-2), suggesting that the BKG can provide unique information relative to cognitive measures of effort.
Overall, the findings suggest the utility in the BKG informing decisions about effortful responding and malingering in cases of suspected mTBI.

Validation of a Brief Cognitive Assessment for Concussion Delivered on a Mobile Device

Publication:

Journal of Pediatric Neuropsychology

Screener:

BKG Gait

Published:

May 14, 2024

Abstract:

Previous research found the Conners Continuous Performance Test (3rd ed; CCPT3) to predict concussion outcomes, but delivery was on a desktop device which can undermine broad use. We examine whether a shortened, mobile CCPT3 predicts concussion symptom endorsement and severity, and evaluate whether the predictive validity changes after controlling for ADHD. From July 2021 to January 2022, 143 participants aged 11 to 23 (approximately 30% female), including 63 consecutively assessed individuals suspected of having a concussion, and 80 randomly selected healthy controls, completed the mobile CCPT3 and the 31-item CDC concussion symptom checklist with severity ratings.

Regression analyses indicate the mobile CCPT3 accounts for 19% variance (p < 0.01, d=0.97) in symptom severity and 17.2% variance (p < 0.01, d=0.91) in symptom endorsement. Findings persist after controlling for the experience of ADHD. Moreover, CCPT3 scores can differentiate among those suspected of having a concussion, predicting 27.6% variance in total symptom severity (p = 0.02, d = 1.24). Thus, a brief, objective mobile cognitive assessment yields large effect sizes when predicting concussion symptoms, and findings are comparable to previous research. Because the mobile assessment can be administered almost immediately post-injury and in between clinical visits, it can further inform post-injury medical care, rehabilitation, and return-to-play decisions.

Key Findings:

The CCPT3 has been shown to be a reliable and valid predictor of concussion outcomes, but a briefer measure delivered on a mobile phone would facilitate widespread use. This study examines whether a 7-minute CCPT3 delivered on the phone can also function as an objective measure of concussion outcomes.
80 healthy control participants were recruited and assessed from preseason baseline testing and 63 individuals were recruited from post-concussion assessments conducted by athletic trainers, which occurred between 0 and 24 days following a recent sports-related concussion.
The phone CCPT3 accounts for 19% of the variance in CDC concussion symptom severity (Cohen’s d = 0.97). CCPT3 scores can also predict 27.6% of the variance in total symptom severity among those who are injured (Cohen’s d = 1.24), demonstrating the ability to also differentiate those with concussions.
Group membership was also predicted with mobile CCPT3 scores, achieving an overall classification efficiency of 87.4% when CCPT3 scores and symptoms are included as predictors.

Introduction and Clinical Analyses of an Accelerometer-Based Mobile Gait Assessment to Evaluate Neuromotor Sequelae of Concussion in Adolescents and Adults

Publication:

Journal of Pediatric Neuropsychology

Screener:

BKG Gait

Published:

May 04, 2023

Abstract:

A growing consensus among concussion experts is that a formal gait assessment is an essential component in return-to-play decisions. Concussion research illustrates that gait variables follow a pattern of recovery that may be more protracted than cognitive recovery, suggesting that gait dynamics may be more sensitive to the sequelae of concussion, and accelerometer data may enhance that sensitivity.

Key Findings:

Establishes test-retest reliability for BKG Mobile data in a sample of over 4,000 subjects with mean r-value of .79 across the four domains of power, stride, balance and symmetry.
Establishes norms for the BKG Mobile
Introduces a clinical analysis of recovery using quantitative data from the 4 domains.
Introduces a clinical analysis of qualitative data in the form of stabilogram and displacement graphs.